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Programmer's Calculator
Version 1.0
Copyright 1983
Ronald Moak
Forest Computer Consultants
P.O. Box 1463
Springfield, Oregon 97477
All rights reserved
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STARTING UP
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . .1
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . .2
BACK UP. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
STARTING & ENDING. . . . . . . . .3
MONITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
CALCULATOR PROGRAM
KEYING IN NUMBERS. . . . . . . . .4
CORRECTING NUMBERS . . . . . . . .5
REVERSE POLISH NOTATION. . . . . .5
REGISTERS. . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CALCULATIONS
Single Register . . . . . . . .6
Dual Register . . . . . . . . .7
Chain Calculation . . . . . . .9
FUNCTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . .11
General . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Logical . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
MEMORY
Store . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Recall. . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Arithmetic. . . . . . . . . . .19
Memory Display. . . . . . . . .20
Clear Memory. . . . . . . . . .21
STACK OPERATIONS
Push. . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Pop . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Clear Stack . . . . . . . . . .24
STACK MANIPULATION
Rotate Stack. . . . . . . . . .25
Swap X & Y. . . . . . . . . . .26
CONSTANT CALCULATIONS. . . . . . .26
RANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
ERRORS MESSAGES. . . . . . . . . .28
CONVERSION PROGRAM
NUMBER FORMAT & RANGE. . . . . . .29
CONVERTING . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2'S COMPLEMENT . . . . . . . . . .31
ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
PROMPTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Programmer's Calculator Page 1
STARTING UP
INTRODUCTION
Programmer's Calculator is divided into
two programs, Calculator and Conversion.
After the initial screen the first screen
displayed is the calculator program. To
access the Conversion program screen use
the function key (F10). This key is used
to toggle between the two programs. When
switching between programs, the program
you leave is frozen at the point you
pressed (F10). This allows you to return
to the program where you left off.
The Calculator Program is a powerful
Reverse Polish Notation calculator. The
calculator displays on screen the four
stack registers, six memory registers and
a display register; there by making it
unnecessary to write down the contents of
the registers when making complex calcula-
tions. In addition to the general funct-
ions found on most calculators the Pro-
grammer's Calculator has six logical
functions (and, or, not, etc.). Numbers
used in the general calculations may be up
to 16 digits in accuracy.
The Conversion Program provides a
fast and efficient way to convert numbers
between decimal, hexadecimal, binary, and
octal. Numbers up to 20 bits binary may be
converted and the two's complement may be
calculated on numbers up to 15 bits in
length.
Programmer's Calculator Page 2
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Programmer's Calculator requires the
following minimum requirements to operate.
IBM Personal Computer
128K ram memory
1 disk drive
BACK UP
Before working with the Programmer's
Calculator copy the program onto another
disk and save the Master Disk in a safe
place. You may copy Programmer's Calcula-
tor onto a hard disk for rapid access, or
on any disk you may need for your personal
work.
This program is copyrighted and selling
of the program for personal gain is
strictly prohibited. Because this program
is marked under the concept of Freeware
you may copy the program for distribut-
ion. If you find this program to be of
use to you the author recommends a $15.00
donation. Further versions may become
available if there is sufficient response.
If you put the program on a fresh disk
then format the new disk using the format
instructions in the IBM DOS manual.
Copy Procedure Single Drive:
a. Insert Master Disk in Drive A
b. Type: copy PC.EXE b:
c. Read prompt, remove Master Disk and
insert Backup disk and press any
key.
Programmer's Calculator Page 3
Copy Procedure Dual Drive:
a. Insert Master Disk in Drive A and
insert Backup Disk in Drive B.
b. Type: copy PC.EXE b:
With the program safely copied store
Master Disk in a safe place for protection
in case your backup is damaged.
STARTING & ENDING
To run the program place a disk with
the program on it and type PC. After a
few seconds the opening screen will be
displayed. Once the program is initialize
the calculator screen will automatically
replace the initial screen. If for some
reason the program does not start, get the
master disk out. The Master Disk comes
with PC.EXE (Programmers Calculator),
GC.EXE (General Calculator), PCMANUAL.TXT
(program manual), and MANUAL.BAT (used to
generate a copy of the manual).
To end the program and return to DOS
press the ESC key.
MONITORS
Programmer's Calculator will run on
either the color/graphics card or the
monochrome card. During the initialization
process the program checks for the type of
card installed and runs accordingly. If both
monitors are installed the program defaults to
the Color/Graphics Card.
Programmer's Calculator Page 4
CALCULATOR PROGRAM
KEYING IN NUMBERS
All numbers entered into the calculator
program appear in the double boxed display
under the stack.
Positive Numbers: Key in the number as it
is written but do not include the commas.
Numbers will aligned on the left hand side
of the display, and may be up to 16 digits
long including the decimal place.
Example: Enter the Number 1,345,776.732
Keystroke Display
1345776.732 1,345,776.732
Negative Numbers: To enter a negative
number, key in the number as above then
press F4. A minus sign will appear in
front of the number.
Example: Enter the number -123.4
Keystroke Display
123.4 (F4) -123.4
Press F4 again and the number will
become positive. The key (F4) acts as a
toggle between positive and negative
numbers.
Before continuing to the next section,
press the tab key (|<-) and the back space
key (<--). These keys will clear the
stack and display registers respectively.
Programmer's Calculator Page 5
CORRECTING NUMBERS
Single digit: If, during the process of
entering a long number, you entered a
digit incorrectly, you may correct the
entry. Press (^) and the (Del) key simul-
taneously and the last digit entered will
be deleted. By repeating the keystroke
and you may delete as many digits as
needed.
Example: If you entered 12,456.3 but
meant to enter 1,245.63
Keystroke Display
12456.3 12,456.3
(^)(Del) 12,456.
(^)(Del) 12,456
(^)(Del) 1,245
.63 1,245.63
Whole numbers: To delete the entire number
press the Backspace key (<--). This clears
the number in the display and pops the
stack (see Stack Operations). To enter a
new number just enter the number as you
would normally.
Example: You typed 239 but meant to type
.239.
Keystroke Display Stack 1
239 239 0.
(<) 0. 0.
.239 .239 0.
REVERSE POLISH NOTATION
The Programmers Calculator uses Reverse
Polish Notation (RPN) logic in the calcu-
Programmer's Calculator Page 6
lation of numbers. RPN is a fast and
efficient method for long calculations, but
may take some getting used to if you are
new to the logic. If you have never
worked with a RPN calculator, read this
manual carefully to take full advantage
of the power of the calculator. If you
have used used RPN logic on other calcu-
lators, this system will be very familiar
to you.
REGISTERS
In order for a calculator or computer
to perform calculations it must store the
numbers it is working on. In general this
space is called memory. The Programmer's
Calculator divides the memory into
registers. Each register will hold one 16
digit number. Programmer's Calculator has
11 registers displayed on the screen (6
memory, 4 stack, 1 display). All primary
operations (add, subtract, square root,
etc) involve the display register (the
double boxed register under the stack) by
itself, or the display register with
either one of the memory registers or the
stack 1 register [S1]. Functions that use
the display register alone are referred
to as single register functions.
Functions the require the use of two
registers are referred to as dual register
functions.
CALCULATIONS
Single Register Functions
The single register function uses the
value in the display register as input for
the calculation. The result is placed
Programmer's Calculator Page 7
back in the display register, and no other
registers are effected. An example of a
single register function is the change
sign function described in entering negat-
ive numbers. Other single register funct-
ions include square root, square, absolute
value, logical not, etc.
Single register functions are performed
by:
a. Entering the number
b. Pressing the appropriate function
key
Example: Take the square root of 25
Keystroke Display
25 25
(F3) 5
Dual Register Functions
Dual register function make use of two
registers. One register is always the
display register the other register is
either the stack 1 register or one of the
memory registers. Most of the operations
made on the calculator (add, subtract)
require two numbers. RPN logic calculat-
ors use the stack as a temporary storage
for one of the numbers.
In RPN logic the two numbers are
entered into the calculator then the
operation is performed. This will seem
awkward a first, but a little experience
will illustrate the power of the logic.
In order for the calculator to different-
ate between the two numbers the enter key
Programmer's Calculator Page 8
(<-') is pressed after the first number is
entered. In effect the (<-') is used to
push numbers on the stack where they are
held in temporary storage until needed.
Example: To add 22 + 15
a. type 22 first number
b. press (<-') 22 is pushed on to the
stack
c. type 15 second number
d. press (+) perform function
Keystroke Display Stack 1
22 22 0.
(<-') 22 22
15 15 22
(+) 27 0.
As you can see by the example the first
number was temporarily stored in stack
until it was needed. The use of the
stack for the storage of numbers or
partial results of calculations is a
powerful feature of RPN logic.
Before continuing to the next section,
press the tab key (|<-) and the back space
key (<--). These keys will clear the
stack and display registers respectively.
In the previous example you will note
that we had the value of 22 in the display
register and in stack 1 after the second
operation. We can make use of the 22 in
the display register instead of overwrit-
ing it with 15. By pressing the (+) key
instead of entering 15 the number is
doubled to 44.
Programmer's Calculator Page 9
Example: Double the number 22
Keystroke Display Stack 1
22 22 0.
(<-') 22 22
(+) 44 0.
Try out the following calculations before
going on to chain calculations.
1. 22 x 25 = 550
2. 20 - 15 = 5
3. 20 / 4 = 5
4. 5^3 = 125
5. 5^1/3 = 1.7099759...
Chain Calculations
Long operations using multiple numbers
are performed easily using RPN logic. Long
calculations are broken down into smaller
two register operations and the inter
mediate result of each operation is stored
in the stack where it cam be combined with
the results of other operations. PC
calculator allows up to four intermediate
results to be stored in the stack.
The result of an operation on the two
numbers is in the display register. This
result may then be used in a single
register function or pushed on the stack
and later combined with other numbers. To
perform a calculation with the results of
the first calculation and another number,
simply enter the next number and perform
the calculation. When you enter the next
number the result of the first calculation
is automatically pushed form the display
register into the stack 1 register. You
Programmer's Calculator Page 10
now have the result of the first calcu-
lation in stack 1 register and the new
number in the display register. To
complete the calculation press the desired
function key.
Example: Calculate the equation (22 + 5) x 10
With the calculation of any equation,
always perform the operation in the inner
most level of parenthesis first, Then work
you way to the outer levels of parentheses.
a. type 22 fist number
b. press (<-') push 22 in stack
c. type 5 second number
d. press (+) perform addition
e. type 10 enter next number result
of first operation (27)
automatically pushed on
the stack
f. press (*) perform multiplication,
result in the display
register
Keystroke Display Stack 1
22 22 0.
(<-') 22 22
5 5 22
(+) 27 0.
10 10 27
(x) 270 0.
Programmer's Calculator Page 11
Try the following operations before
continuing. If you do not get the correct
results review the section again.
(23 + 8) x 15 = 465
((4 x 16).5) x 10 = 320
(1,234.43 / 55) x 2 = 44.8883636...
More complicated problems are solved
by temporarily storing the intermediate
results of each operation in the stack
until needed.
Example: To solve (22 + 15) x (32 / 2)
The results of the operation in each set
of parenthesis is calculated. The results
of the two intermediate calculations serve
as input values for the final calculation.
Keystroke Display S1 S2
22 22 0. 0.
(<-') 22 22 0.
15 15 22 0.
(+) 37 0. 0.
32 32 37 0.
(<-') 32 32 37
2 2 32 37
(/) 16 37 0.
(*) 592 0. 0.
FUNCTIONS
In this section each function available
on the PC calculator will be discussed.
Programmer's Calculator Page 12
The functions available on the calcu-
lator are displayed in the lower left hand
corner of the screen on the template.
Since all of the functions can not be
displayed at once the (F9) key is used to
toggle between the two template.
The keystroke used to invoke the
function is illustrated in the template in
an abbreviated form. For example the
keystroke (Ctrl)-(F3) is representable by
CF3. All key-strokes listed in this
section separated by a dash [(Ctrl)-(F3)]
should be pressed simultaneously.
The symbol is the representation of the
function as displayed on the template.
General Functions
Function Keystroke Symbol
Add (+) +
Subtract (-) -
Multiply (*) *
Divide (/) /
Two register function
Used to manipulate numbers in the display
and the stack 1 register with the results
in the display register. May also be used
to manipulate display and a memory
register with the results in the memory
register.
Programmer's Calculator Page 13
Function Keystroke Symbol
Square (F3) x^2
Single register function
Used to take the square of the number
in the display register.
Function Keystroke Symbol
Square root (Alt)-(F3) x^1/2
Single register function
Used to take the square root of the
number in the display register.
Function Keystroke Symbol
X to n (^)-(F3) Xn
Dual register function
Used to raise X to the Power n. X is the
number in stack 1 register and n is the
number in the display register.
Function Keystroke Symbol
X to 1/n (Ctrl)-(F3) X^1/n
Dual register function
Used to raise X to the power of 1/n. X is
the number in the stack register and n is
the number in the display register.
Programmer's Calculator Page 14
Function Keystroke Symbol
Absolute value (Alt)-(F4) |x|
Single Register Function
Used to take the absolute value of the
number in the display register.
Function Keystroke Symbol
Inverse (^)-(F4) 1/x
Single register function
Used to take the inverse of the number in
the display register.
Function Keystroke Symbol
Change sign F4 +
Single register function
Used to change the sign of the display
register.
Logical Functions
Function Keystroke Symbol
And F5 AND
Or F6 OR
Xor F7 XOR
Imp (^)-(F5) IMP
Equ (^)-(F6) EQU
Dual register function
Programmer's Calculator Page 15
The bits in the numbers in the display and
stack 1 register are compared and the
result placed in the display register.
The bits are compared using the following
tables.
AND X Y Result
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
OR X Y Result
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
XOR X Y Result
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
EQV X Y Result
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
IMP X Y Result
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
Programmer's Calculator Page 16
Function Keystroke Symbol
Not (F8) NOT
Single register function
The bits of the number in the display
register are reversed according to the
table.
NOT X Result
0 1
1 0
Memory Functions
Function Keystroke Symbol
Store F1 STO
Dual Register Function
Used to copy the contents of the display
register into one of the memory registers.
Requires a number (indicating the memory
location) to be entered after pressing the
F1 key. By entering one of the four
arithmetic functions before entering the
storage location, the contents of the
memory location is add, subtracted,
multiplied, or divided with the contents
of the display register.
Function Keystroke Symbol
Recall F2 RCL
Dual register function
Programmer's Calculator Page 17
Used to copy the contents of a memory
register into the display register.
Requires a number (indicating the memory
location) to be entered after the F2 key
is pressed.
Function Keystroke Symbol
Clear Memory (^)-(|<-) Clear memory
Multiple register function
Used to clear all of the memory registers
in on operation. It uses the shift tab
key.
Stack Functions
Function Keystroke Symbol
Clear stack (->|) Clear stack
Multiple register function
The clear stack function allows you to
clear the contents of the stack between
calculations. It uses the tab key.
Function Keystroke Symbol
Rotate Stack (^)-(F2) R^
Multiple register function
The rotate stack function allows you to
rotate the contents of the stack, Each
time the (^)-(F2) is pressed, the stack
will rotate one number.
Programmer's Calculator Page 18
Function Keystroke Symbol
Swap X & Y (Alt)-(F2) X <-> Y
Dual register Function
The swap function exchanges the contents
of the display register with the contents
of the stack 1 register.
MEMORY
The Programmers Calculator has six
memory registers (listed M1-M6) displayed
across the top of the screen. This elimi-
nates the need to write down the contents
of the memory registers when performing
calculations.
Store
Numbers in the display register may
easily be copied into a memory register by
first pressing (F1) and second entering
the number of the memory register to
receive the number. The process of
copying a number into a memory register
does not affect the contents of the dis-
play register; however, the previous
contents of the memory register are over-
written.
Example: Place 1345.6 into memory
register (M2).
Keystroke Display M2
1345.6 1,345.6 0.
(F1) 2 1,345.6 1,345.6
Programmer's Calculator Page 19
Recall
To retrieve numbers from a memory
register, press (F2) followed by the
number of the register that contains the
number to be copied. The contents of the
memory register are unaffected by the copy
process. The contents of the display
register are either overwritten or pushed
into the stack depending upon the previous
operation (see stack operations for the
effect of an operation on the stack).
Example: Retrieve the contents of M2.
Keystroke Display M2
0. 1,345.6
(F2) 2 1,345.6 1,345.6
Arithmetic
Contents of a memory register are
affected when a number is stored or when a
memory register is performed. The
functions that may be used with memory
registers are add, subtract, multiply,
and divide. The results of calculations
using a memory register and the display
register are stored in the memory
register.
Example: Add the number 22 to the
contents of M2.
a. enter 22 number to be added
b. press (F1) set up the store
c. press (+) press key of operation
to be performed
Programmer's Calculator Page 20
d. press 2 number of the memory
register the number is
added to
Keystroke Display M2
22 22 1,345.6
(F1) (+) 2 22 1,367.6
Example: Subtract the number 67.6 from
the contents of M2.
Keystroke Display M2
67.6 67.6 1,367.6
(F1) (-) 2 67.6 1,300
Try out following examples.
a. Store 500 into M1 and divide 20 into
the register, answer is 25.
b. Multiply the contents of M1 by 25,
answer is 625
To cancel a memory function before
completion, press the enter key. You may
then use the number in the display
register as a function value or overwrite
the number with a new number.
Memory Display
The contents of the memory register are
displayed in single precision while the
contents of the display register are
displayed in double precision. This will
not affect what you see in the memory
register unless the numbers you are work-
ing with are longer than 7 digits. Any
Programmer's Calculator Page 21
number longer than seven digits in memory
will be displayed in scientific notation.
Internally the computer stores the numbers
in double precision so operations on the
numbers are unaffected. When large
numbers are retrieved from the memory they
will be displayed in the format in which
they were stored.
Clear Memory
The contents of memory may be cleared
one register at a time or all of the
registers at once.
To clear one register store 0 into the
register with the store function.
To clear all of the registers at once
press the shift and tab key simultan-
eously. This will clear out all of the
memory registers.
STACK OPERATIONS
The stack is the heart of the RPN logic
calculator. By learning to use the stack
efficiently you will be able to perform
complex calculations easily and quickly.
Push
The stack is composed of four registers
residing on top of each other labeled one
to four. As you learned earlier numbers
are pushed into the stack with the enter
key (<-'). Continued pressing of the
(<-') will continue to push the number
deeper into the stack. This operation is
Programmer's Calculator Page 22
called pushing the stack. As you will see
the first number pushed on to the stack
will be the last number popped off the
stack. The enter key is used to push the
number in the display register onto the
stack. When the number in the display
register is the results of a numeric
operation, the stack is automatically
pushed when the next number is entered.
When the stack is pushed the number in
stack 4 register is discarded the number
in stack 3 register takes its place. The
numbers in each register are pushed up in
the next highest register and finally the
number in the display register is moved up
into the stack 1 register.
Example: Clear out the stack and try out
the following keystrokes.
1 (<-') stack 4 0.
stack 3 0.
stack 2 0.
stack 1 1
display 1
2 (<-') stack 4 0.
stack 3 0.
stack 2 1
stack 1 2
display 2
3 (<-') stack 4 0.
stack 3 1
stack 2 2
stack 1 3
display 3
Programmer's Calculator Page 23
4 (<-') stack 4 1
stack 3 2
stack 2 3
stack 1 4
display 4
5 stack 4 1
stack 3 2
stack 2 3
stack 1 4
display 5
In the example we did not press (<-')
after entering 5. Therefore the value of
5 was not pushed into the stack. If we
press (<-') now the stack will be pushed
and the number in stack 4 will disappear.
(<-') stack 4 2
stack 3 3
stack 2 4
stack 1 5
display 5
Pop
When the stack is popped the operation
is the reverse of the push. The contents
of stack 1 register is moved into display
register and the contents of stack 2
register is moved into stack 1 register
and so forth. are popped from the stack by
popping the stack.
Numbers are retrieved from the stack by
popping the stack. All dual register
functions that use the stack as the second
register, automatically pop the stack.
During the calculation the stack is popped
and result left in the display register.
Programmer's Calculator Page 24
In fact the display register is an
extension of the stack with one except-
ion. When the stack is pushed the display
register always retains the number that
was pushed into the stack. You then have
the option of using the number in the
display register again or entering a new
number. If you do not enter a new number
then when you perform a function the
number in the display register becomes one
of the input values of the function.
If you enter a new number the display
is cleared to make room for the new
number.
Try the following examples.
Example: Double the value of 45.
Keystroke Display Stack 1
45 45 0.
(<-') 45 45
(+) 90 0.
Example: Multiply 45 by 2
Keystroke Display Stack 1
45 45 0.
(<-') 45 45
2 2 45
(*) 90 0.
Clear Stack
To clear the contents of the stack
press the tab key. All of the stack
registers will be set to zero, but the
contents of the display register will be
unaffected.
Programmer's Calculator Page 25
STACK MANIPULATION
Programmer's Calculator provides two
functions to manipulate numbers within the
stack. These functions allow you to
rearrange the contents of the stack for
calculation.
Rotate Stack
The rotate stack function allows you
to rotate the stack and the contents of
the display register. The contents of the
display resisters are moved into stack 4
register and the stack is popped.
Example: Enter the following sequence 1
(<-') 2 (<-') 3 (<-') 4 (<-') 5
Keystroke Register Contents
stack 4 1
stack 3 2
stack 2 3
stack 1 4
display 5
(^)-(F2) stack 4 5
stack 3 1
stack 2 2
stack 1 3
display 4
Before continuing to the next section,
press the tab key (|<-) and the back space
key (<--). These keys will clear the
stack and display registers respectively.
Programmer's Calculator Page 26
Swap X & Y
The Swap X & Y function exchanges the
contents of the display register and the
stack 1 register. Press (Alt)-F2) and the
two number are exchanged.
Example: Enter the two numbers and swap
the registers.
Keystroke Display Stack 1
34 34 0.
(<-') 34 34
15 15 34
(Alt)-(F2) 34 15
CONSTANT CALCULATIONS
Whenever a number is in the stack 4
register and the stack is popped, the
contents of stack 4 is duplicated in stack
3 and stack 4 remains unchanged. This
handy feature is useful in calculations
that require constant value input.
Example: Enter the following 4 (<-') 2
(<-') 3 (<-') 4 (<-').
Keystroke Registers Contents
stack 4 4
stack 3 2
stack 2 3
stack 1 4
display 4
(+) stack 4 4
stack 3 4
stack 2 2
stack 1 3
display 8
Programmer's Calculator Page 27
(+) stack 4 4
stack 3 4
stack 2 4
stack 1 2
display 11
(+) stack 4 4
stack 3 4
stack 2 4
stack 1 4
display 13
(*) stack 4 4
stack 3 4
stack 2 4
stack 1 4
display 52
(*) stack 4 4
stack 3 4
stack 2 4
stack 1 4
display 208
RANGES
Input values Numbers entered into Pro-
grammers Calculator may be up to 16 digits
in length. The program does not support
the input of numbers in scientific
notation.
Calculated Values Numbers generated by
calculation may range from 2.9E-39 to
1.7E-38. Any number generated outside of
that range will cause an "Out of Range"
error message to be displayed.
Logical Values Operations using the
logical functions will work on integer
Programmer's Calculator Page 28
numbers from -32,768 to 32,767.
Attempting to use invalid numbers will
cause an error message to be displayed.
ERROR MESSAGES
The calculator program will display
error messages for illegal operations.
These messages are displayed just above
the display register. The error message
will be display until the next
keystroke. The number in the display
register may be used with any function.
The number will be overwritten if you
attempt to enter a new number without first
pushing the number on the stack.
If you continue to get error prompts
check with the manual for correct proced-
ures.
Beep: The computer will beep if you attempt
to enter an incorrect keystroke. Check
the manual to determine the correct
procedure.
Out of Range: This prompt will be display-
ed if you attempt to preform an operation
with a number that is out of the range of
the program.
Division By Zero: This prompt is displayed
if you attempt to divide zero into any
number.
Illegal Function: Any function or combin-
ation of keystrokes that is unknown to the
program will cause the prompt to be
displayed.
Programmer's Calculator Page 29
CONVERSION PROGRAM
NUMBER FORMATS & RANGES
The format of the number entered in the
Conversion Program varies depending upon
the type of number being entered (hexadec-
imal, decimal, etc.). A beep will be
sounded if you attempt an invalid
character.
Numbers that are out of allowable
ranges will cause a appropriate error
message displayed at the bottom of the
screen.
Decimal: Any digits between 0 and 9 inclu-
sive are valid for entering decimal
numbers. Negative signs may be entered
when entering negative numbers. The sign
is entered first followed by the number.
The range of valid decimal numbers is
-32,768 to 1,048,575.
Hexadecimal: Any digits between 0 and 9
inclusive and characters between A and F
inclusive are valid for entering hexadec-
imal numbers. Letters may be upper or
lower case.
The range of valid hexadecimal numbers
is 00000 to FFFFF.
Binary: Only 0 and 1 are used to form
valid binary numbers. Binary numbers must
be entered in groups of four.
The range of valid binary numbers is
0000 to 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111.
Programmer's Calculator Page 30
Octal: Any digits between 0 and 7
inclusive are valid for entering octal
numbers.
The range of valid octal numbers is 0
to 3,777,777
CONVERTING
Converting number is a simple task. At
the top of the screen is a menu of the
conversion options.
1 Decimal 4 Octal
2 Hexadecimal 5 2's Complement
3 Binary F10 Calculator
Enter one of the selection between 1 and
5. The "Enter Choice" prompt in the
middle of the screen will be replaced by a
prompt corresponding to the selection.
Enter the number to be converted then
press the enter key (<-').
The conversion will be displayed at the
bottom of the screen next to the
appropriate type. The prompt will be
replaced with the "Enter Choice" prompt
and you are ready to convert the next
number.
Numbers entered in correctly may be
corrected by entering the backspace key.
Press the key once and the last character
entered is deleted.
Programmer's Calculator Page 31
If you enter a choice and decide you do
not want to enter a number of that type
then simply press (<-') and the current
prompt will be replaced by the "Enter
Choice" prompt.
Example: Convert decimal 798
a. press 1
b. read prompt
c. type 798
d. press (<-')
Results:
Decimal 798 Binary 0011 0001 1110
Hexadecimal 31E Octal 1,436
2'S COMPLEMENT
To calculate the 2's complement press 5
at the "Enter Choice" prompt. The numbers
at the bottom of the screen will be recal-
culated and the 2's complement of the
number displayed.
Press 5 again and the original numbers
will appear again. The 5 will toggle
between regular notation and 2's
complement.
2's complement will only work on
numbers in the range of -32,768 to
32,767. Attempting to calculate the
complement of a number outside this range
will result in an error message.
Programmer's Calculator Page 32
ERRORS
The program responds to four types of
errors. For invalid keystrokes the
program will beep. For the rest of the
errors the program will respond with
visual responses at the bottom of the
screen. The error message will remain
resident on the screen until the next
keystroke.
Too Few Digits (Enter in groups of four):
This prompt will be displayed if the you
attempt to enter a binary number with an
invalid number of digits.
Out of 2's Complement Range -32768 to
32767: This message is displayed if you
attempt perform a 2's complement that is
out of range.
Out of Range: This message is displayed
for any number entered that is out of
range.
PROMPTS
The following prompts are displayed
according to the menu item selected.
Decimal: Enter Decimal Number (-32,768 to
1,048,575)
Hexadecimal: Enter Hexadecimal Number (0
to FFFFF)
Binary: Enter Binary Number (20 Digits
Max)
Octal: Enter Octal Number (0 to 3,777,777)
